Authors should ensure that their research has been conducted in an ethical manner and that they have obtained the necessary approvals.  Authors should disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may have influenced their research.

Falsification and fabrication: Falsification and fabrication of data are serious ethical violations in academic research and publishing. Falsification refers to the manipulation of research materials, equipment, or processes, or the changing or omitting of data or results such that the research is not accurately represented. Fabrication involves making up data or results and recording or reporting them as if they were real.

In the context of academic publishing, including in journals such as the Basrah Journal of Surgery, data falsification and fabrication are considered unacceptable practices and can result in severe consequences. Authors are expected to adhere to the highest standards of research integrity and ethics.

If an author is found to have falsified or fabricated data, the journal may reject the manuscript, retract a published article, and may report the incident to the author's institution or relevant authorities. Additionally, it can damage the author's reputation and have long-term consequences for their career in academia and research.

It's crucial for authors to conduct their research with integrity, honesty, and transparency, and to adhere to the ethical guidelines and standards set forth by the journal to which they are submitting their work.  and it is important for authors to carefully review the instructions for authors provided by the journal before submitting their manuscript. This will help ensure that the article meets the journal's requirements and increases the chances of acceptance.